Towards closed material cycles in lithium-ion batteries and PV systems: a sustainable resource approach

Both technologies not only share critical raw material requirements - such as lithium, cobalt (LIBs) and silicon (PV) - but also face similar challenges in establishing effective recycling processes. This analysis highlights the current technological, economic and regulatory barriers to efficient recycling and discusses the synergies between PV module and LIB recycling practices. Key areas of focus include the advancement of recycling technologies, particularly hydrometallurgical, pyrometallurgical and direct recycling methods, and the development of policies that can support robust recycling systems. By examining both the similarities and differences between recycling processes, it provides a comprehensive view of how improved recycling practices can contribute to sustainable resource management and the circular economy. The paper emphasises the need for continued technological innovation, improved regulatory frameworks, economic incentives and cross-industry collaboration to achieve effective and sustainable recycling of materials from green transition technologies. This paper sets the stage for future research and development efforts aimed at overcoming current limitations and unlocking the full potential of recycling to support environmental sustainability and economic efficiency.